Why does an old stone wall weep instead of leak?
A rubble stone wall is a mass of stones held by mortar, and water moves through the mortar joints and the porous stone under pressure from saturated soil. Instead of one crack, many fine paths let water through, so the whole face darkens. Lime mortar and age make those paths easier.
Think of the wall as a sponge held up by stones. Long rain loads the ground outside, and that water pushes against the wall. Water takes the easiest route, which is through the soft joints and the pores of the stone.
The wall may have been built to manage that moisture, with a slope outside and a dirt or brick floor that could absorb it. Later changes such as a poured slab, finished walls built against the stone, or paving around the house can shut off that old way of shedding water.
What is the white powder on my cellar wall?
The white powder is usually efflorescence, salt left behind when water moves through masonry and evaporates at the surface. It is a sign that water has been moving through the wall, even if the wall looks dry. It is not harmful to touch but it tells you where moisture is coming through.
Brush it off with a dry brush and see whether it comes back. If it returns after rain, the wall is still wet inside. Spalling, where the face of the stone or brick flakes away, points to a long history of moisture.
Do not seal the wall with a coating over powder and damp. A sealer over a wet wall can trap moisture and make the surface peel, and it hides the evidence a mason or waterproofer would want to see.
Can the crew stop the water coming in?
No. The crew cleans, removes ruined materials and dries the cellar, then documents readings so you know what is happening. Stopping the seepage is the work of masons, waterproofers and drainage contractors, who may repoint joints, repair parging, fix grading and gutters or install interior drainage with a sump.
That division is deliberate. A crew that sold you a permanent fix without being a mason would be guessing. What it can do is dry the cellar so the real problem can be seen and tell you what it found.
Ask any contractor about the cause they think they see, what they will do about outside water first, and whether they are registered with the Pennsylvania Attorney General for jobs over $500.
What about mold and the smell?
A stone cellar that stays damp through a humid summer can grow mold on wood, stored items and paper, even where the stone itself is bare. Drying and cleaning stop it spreading, but dampness that keeps returning will bring it back. The EPA advises drying wet materials within 24 to 48 hours.
Humidity is part of it. Summers in this region are humid, and warm air carries moisture into a cool cellar where it condenses on cold stone.
If growth is widespread or the smell is strong, a mold inspection can tell you what is there and where, before anything is removed.